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for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes
for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes
for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions
for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions
for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA
for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids
for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids
for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis
for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis
for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory
for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures
for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding
for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions
for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules
for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds
for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds
for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule
for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule
for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation
for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals
for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates
for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry
for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry
for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes
